In my work on green and low-carbon standardization, I have repeatedly seen how the lithium ion battery has become a central technology for energy transition, portable electronics, electric mobility, and stationary energy storage. The lithium ion battery is not merely a product category; it is a complex electrochemical system whose safety, performance, durability, and environmental profile depend on materials, cell design, module architecture, battery management, and end-of-life handling. Because of this complexity, standardization is essential for ensuring that the lithium ion battery industry develops safely and healthily. In this article, I explain the industrial background, the evolving demand for standards, the domestic and international standardization landscape, the support provided to administrative departments, and the testing services that underpin market supervision and innovation.
The lithium ion battery was invented in the early 1990s. After industrialization, its global development can be broadly divided into three stages: initial monopoly by one country, then competition between two countries, and finally a tripartite structure involving China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. Before 2008, the global lithium ion battery industry was dominated by Japan, whose production accounted for more than half of the world total. Beginning in 2015, driven by the development of new energy vehicles, the quality and quantity of lithium ion batteries in China improved significantly, and the market share of China in the global market increased year by year. According to data released by the competent industrial authority, from January to October 2022, the total output of lithium ion batteries in China exceeded 580 GWh. Among this, consumer-type lithium ion battery output exceeded 84 GWh, the installed volume of power-type lithium ion batteries was approximately 224 GWh, and the export of lithium ion battery products increased by approximately 87% year on year. Because the lithium ion battery has advantages such as high energy density, long cycle life, no memory effect, low self-discharge rate, and wide operating temperature range, it has evolved from a single cell in portable electronic products to large-capacity lithium ion battery systems using multi-level series and parallel connections. Its applications continue to expand.
From the perspective of application fields, consumer, power, and energy storage are the main driving forces for the lithium ion battery industry. The most important applications include mobile phones, microcomputers such as notebooks and tablets, wearable devices, portable cameras, lighting tools, mobile power supplies, electric vehicles including buses, passenger cars, and special-purpose vehicles, and energy storage equipment. In addition, the research and application of large electric passenger ships and electric commercial aircraft, together with the arrival of the new infrastructure era based on 5G technology, provide even broader space for the development of the lithium ion battery industry.
The fundamental operation of a lithium ion battery involves the reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions between positive and negative electrodes. A simplified representation of the electrochemical reactions is shown below.
$$Li_{1-x}CoO_2 + Li_xC_6 \rightleftharpoons LiCoO_2 + C_6$$
The energy density of a lithium ion battery can be expressed as the ratio of stored energy to mass or volume. For gravimetric energy density, I use the following formula.
$$E_m = \frac{C_{nom} \cdot V_{nom}}{m}$$
For volumetric energy density, the formula is similar but uses volume instead of mass.
$$E_v = \frac{C_{nom} \cdot V_{nom}}{V}$$
The cycle life of a lithium ion battery is often evaluated by capacity retention after a specified number of cycles. The retention ratio is defined as follows.
$$R_n = \frac{Q_n}{Q_0} \times 100\%$$
Safety is a system property. The probability of a safe operation over time can be described by a reliability function.
$$R(t) = \exp\left(-\int_0^t \lambda(\tau) d\tau\right)$$
When the failure rate is constant, this reduces to the familiar exponential form.
$$R(t) = e^{-\lambda t}$$
The state of charge of a lithium ion battery evolves according to the current and the nominal capacity.
$$SOC(t) = SOC(0) – \frac{1}{C_{nom}} \int_0^t I(\tau) d\tau$$
The charge rate, often called the C-rate, is defined as the current normalized by the nominal capacity.
$$C_{rate} = \frac{I}{C_{nom}}$$
The temperature rise in a lithium ion battery during operation depends on heat generation, heat dissipation, mass, and specific heat capacity.
$$T_{max} = T_{amb} + \frac{Q_{gen} – Q_{diss}}{m c_p}$$
The total heat released in a thermal runaway event can be approximated as the sum of reaction enthalpies.
$$Q_{total} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \Delta H_i$$
These equations illustrate why standardization cannot be limited to a single test. A lithium ion battery must be evaluated across electrical, thermal, mechanical, and environmental stress conditions. Standards provide the common language for these evaluations.
The demand for standards for the lithium ion battery is driven by several factors. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China focused on strategic emerging industries and accelerated the development of new energy industries. The lithium ion battery, as a typical representative of new energy, has expanded beyond traditional fields such as mobile phones, notebook computers, and electric vehicles into portable home appliances, electric tools, intelligent logistics vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, wearable products, electric bicycles, and power energy storage. In recent years, safety accidents involving lithium ion batteries in electric bicycles and energy storage stations have occurred frequently, seriously threatening the lives and property of consumers and related practitioners.
Because of the diversity of application fields and the complexity of its technology, the lithium ion battery requires a complete standard system composed of basic standards, product specifications, and engineering application standards. The rapid development of the lithium ion battery industry has made some supporting standards lag or remain absent. This can lead to products without unified technical bases, uneven product quality, and no clear industry entry threshold. Standards are the main technical basis for regulating market order and guiding enterprise technological progress. With the continuous emergence of new products and new technologies, international and domestic standardization states are constantly updated, and domestic enterprises have put forward many new requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen standard development and revision, dynamically adjust or timely develop relevant standards according to industrial development and product innovation, and especially develop mandatory national safety standards to regulate product safety design and improve product safety levels. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the implementation and supervision of mandatory standards and give full play to the market access threshold role of mandatory standards.
To understand the industrial context, I summarize the three major development stages of the lithium ion battery industry in Table 1.
| Stage | Period | Main Characteristics | Global Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stage I | Before 2008 | Early industrialization and portable electronics | Japan-dominated production with more than half of global output |
| Stage II | 2008 to around 2015 | Expansion of lithium ion battery production and competition | Japan and the Republic of Korea competing for leadership |
| Stage III | 2015 onward | New energy vehicle-driven growth and scale expansion | Tripartite structure involving China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea |
The growth of the lithium ion battery market can be modeled with a logistic function, which is useful for understanding how new applications accelerate demand.
$$S(t) = \frac{S_{max}}{1 + \exp[-k(t – t_0)]}$$
In this expression, \(S(t)\) represents the market size at time \(t\), \(S_{max}\) is the saturation level, \(k\) is the growth rate, and \(t_0\) is the inflection point. The rapid expansion after 2015 reflects the combined effects of electric vehicle policies, technological improvements, and cost reduction.
The main application fields of the lithium ion battery can be grouped into consumer, power, and energy storage categories. Table 2 provides a representative summary.
| Category | Typical Applications | Key Requirements | Standardization Focus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Consumer | Mobile phones, notebooks, tablets, wearable devices, cameras, lighting tools, mobile power supplies | High energy density, compact size, low self-discharge, safety | Safety requirements for portable electronic equipment |
| Power | Electric buses, passenger cars, special-purpose vehicles, electric bicycles, electric tools, unmanned aerial vehicles, balance vehicles | High power, long cycle life, vibration resistance, thermal management | Safety and performance for power applications |
| Energy Storage | Power storage stations, backup power, wind and solar integration, grid support | Long calendar life, high reliability, fire safety, system-level protection | Safety requirements for stationary energy storage |
In my view, the most important lesson from recent years is that the lithium ion battery industry cannot rely only on voluntary standards. Mandatory safety standards are necessary because safety failures can cause fire, explosion, injury, and death. The mandatory standard for portable electronic products was a major milestone. It filled a gap in the field and provided a unified safety baseline. It was based on mature test methods from international and foreign standards, but it also introduced requirements that were not previously covered, such as safety requirements and assessment methods for battery pack protection circuits, high-temperature use, and material flame retardancy. It also improved test methods and conditions for overcharge and thermal abuse. Several proposals derived from this standard were adopted in international standards, which demonstrates that domestic standardization can contribute to global governance.
Domestic standardization in the lithium ion battery field began in response to safety incidents. In 2006 and 2007, lithium ion battery accidents occurred frequently, and large-scale recalls of lithium ion batteries involving major brands took place. Against this background, the competent industrial department approved the establishment of a special working group on lithium ion battery safety standards. The working group was responsible for studying and maintaining the standard system for the lithium ion battery field and for promoting the development of mandatory national standards. The secretariat and chair were established in our standardization institute. Later, according to industrial development and standardization needs, the working group was renamed as the lithium ion battery and similar product standard working group. By May 2023, the working group had nearly 332 member units, including mainstream battery enterprises, packaging enterprises, host equipment enterprises, testing institutions, and research institutions. Its main responsibilities include studying and formulating the standard system for lithium ion batteries and similar products, organizing the application and drafting of relevant national and industry standards, issuing working group resolutions for standard consultation and difficult issues, and organizing participation in international standardization activities.
Relying on the working group, our institute has taken the lead in organizing the development and revision of many lithium ion battery standards according to the overall standard plan of the comprehensive standardization technical system for lithium ion batteries. We have managed more than 50 published, ongoing, and approved standards related to lithium ion batteries, covering electronic equipment, balance vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, electric tools, electric wheelchairs, portable home appliances, toys, and children’s vehicles. In key fields such as electronic products, as the first drafting unit, we led the development of two mandatory national standards: GB 31241—2014, Safety requirements for lithium ion batteries and battery packs used in portable electronic products, and GB 40165—2021, Safety technical specification for lithium ion batteries and battery packs used in stationary electronic equipment. We also led the development of GB/T 40559—2021, Safety requirements for lithium ion batteries and battery packs for balance vehicles, SJ/T 11778—2021, Safety requirements for lithium ion batteries and battery packs for portable household appliances, and SJ/T 11796—2022, General specification for lithium ion batteries and battery packs for electronic cigarettes, among other important national and industry standards.
Table 3 summarizes selected standards and their scope. This table is not exhaustive, but it shows the breadth of the standardization work for the lithium ion battery.
| Standard Number | Title / Subject | Type | Field |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB 31241—2014 | Safety requirements for lithium ion batteries and battery packs used in portable electronic products | Mandatory national standard | Portable electronics |
| GB 40165—2021 | Safety technical specification for lithium ion batteries and battery packs used in stationary electronic equipment | Mandatory national standard | Stationary electronic equipment |
| GB/T 40559—2021 | Safety requirements for lithium ion batteries and battery packs for balance vehicles | Recommended national standard | Balance vehicles |
| SJ/T 11778—2021 | Safety requirements for lithium ion batteries and battery packs for portable household appliances | Industry standard | Portable household appliances |
| SJ/T 11796—2022 | General specification for lithium ion batteries and battery packs for electronic cigarettes | Industry standard | Electronic cigarettes |
| In progress | Safety requirements for lithium storage batteries and battery packs for electrical energy storage systems | Mandatory national standard | Energy storage |
The first mandatory national safety standard for lithium ion batteries was published in December 2014 and came into force in August 2015. In early 2016, it was referenced by the mandatory certification system for electronic products in China. As a result, lithium ion batteries used in portable electronic products had to meet this standard when applying for compulsory certification. From the date of publication, it attracted widespread attention from industry and the market and strongly supported the sustainable development and market supervision of the lithium ion battery industry. The standard was based on mature test methods from relevant international and foreign standards such as UN, IEC, and UL, but it was independently developed by combining the safety requirements of related products in different processes. Compared with other foreign standards, it proposed for the first time safety requirements and assessment methods for battery pack protection circuits, high-temperature use, and material flame retardancy. It also improved and refined test methods and conditions for overcharge and thermal abuse in existing standards. More than ten international standard revision proposals submitted by China based on this standard were adopted in IEC 62133-2, IEC 62368-1, and other standards, and received great recognition from international experts and peers. The standard also received important innovation and contribution awards.
In the energy storage field, another mandatory national safety standard for lithium ion batteries, Safety requirements for lithium storage batteries and battery packs for electrical energy storage systems, led by our institute and managed by the competent industrial department, has completed drafting and is in the approval process. This standard is expected to provide a unified safety baseline for stationary energy storage applications, which are critical for grid stability and renewable energy integration.
International standardization is equally important. IEC/SC21A, the subcommittee on alkaline and non-acid batteries, is the main international organization for lithium ion battery standards. It is responsible for the development and revision of standards for all secondary batteries and battery packs except those used in electric road vehicles, including performance, specification, and safety standards for batteries and battery packs used in portable equipment, industrial equipment, and energy storage equipment. It has developed the vast majority of international standards for lithium ion batteries. As the domestic general secretariat for IEC/SC21A, our institute has actively participated in the development of international standards in the battery field for many years. We organize relevant battery industry units to attend IEC/SC21A international meetings, reply to IEC documents, and vote. We have also dispatched three Chinese experts to IEC and recommended five experts from domestic enterprises and institutions to directly participate in the development and revision of important international standards such as IEC 62133 for portable lithium batteries, IEC 62619 for industrial lithium batteries, IEC 62281 for lithium battery transport safety, IEC 63056 for lithium batteries for electrical energy storage, and IEC 63057 for lithium batteries for vehicle starting. Table 4 lists these standards and their main focus.
| International Standard | Main Subject | Application Area | Participation Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| IEC 62133 | Safety of portable sealed secondary batteries and battery packs | Portable electronics | Key participation and technical contributions |
| IEC 62619 | Safety of secondary lithium cells and batteries for industrial applications | Industrial equipment | Expert participation |
| IEC 62281 | Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport | Transportation | Expert participation |
| IEC 63056 | Safety requirements for secondary cells and batteries for electrical energy storage systems | Energy storage | Expert participation |
| IEC 63057 | Safety requirements for secondary cells and batteries for vehicle starting | Vehicle starting | Expert participation |
Among these, IEC 62133-2:2017, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes — Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications — Part 2: Lithium systems, is particularly important. It was the first IEC standard specifically addressing the safety of lithium ion batteries. The technical content introduced into this standard mainly came from proposals submitted by China based on the mandatory national standard GB 31241—2014. Since its publication, IEC 62133 has become one of the most influential battery safety standards and is the basis for IECEE-CB certification. Europe, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India, Thailand, and other countries and regions have also transformed it into national standards as a basis for market access or mandatory certification. This standard has a significant impact on CB certification, PSE certification, KC certification, BIS certification, TISI certification, and other certification schemes worldwide.
Standards alone are not enough. The mission of our institute is to support government and serve industry. While doing standardization work, providing technical support for decision-making by government departments has always been a main responsibility. In recent years, we have carried out a great deal of work in supporting the lithium ion battery field.
One important area is the implementation of industry normative conditions. Since the competent industrial department led special work on lithium battery safety in 2012, our institute has supported the department in carrying out industry management for lithium ion batteries. To better strengthen industry management, guide the transformation and upgrading of the lithium ion battery industry, and promote healthy and safe development of the industry, we supported the department in formulating and publishing three versions of the Lithium Ion Battery Industry Normative Conditions in 2016, 2018, and 2021, along with related management measures. In terms of product quality and safety requirements, the 2021 version specifically references the mandatory national standards GB 31241 and GB 40165 led by our institute.
Since the publication and implementation of the normative conditions, our institute has supported the competent industrial department in organizing industry experts to carry out six batches of audits and on-site inspections of applicant enterprises from 2016 to 2022. Since the implementation of the normative conditions in 2015, six batches of 70 compliant enterprises have been announced. Six enterprises that could not maintain their announcement status due to changes in business conditions were revoked, and 64 enterprises currently remain. In addition, our institute regularly provides quarterly and annual reports on the economic operation of the lithium ion battery industry to the competent industrial department, supporting its industry management work.
Table 5 summarizes the normative condition implementation and enterprise status.
| Item | Details |
|---|---|
| First normative conditions | 2016 version |
| Second normative conditions | 2018 version |
| Third normative conditions | 2021 version |
| Audit and inspection period | 2016 to 2022 |
| Number of batches | Six batches |
| Announced compliant enterprises | 70 enterprises cumulatively |
| Revoked enterprises | 6 enterprises |
| Currently remaining enterprises | 64 enterprises |
| Referenced mandatory standards | GB 31241 and GB 40165 |
Another important area is the construction of the standard system. To deeply implement the reform of the standardization system, enhance the guiding, normative, and leading role of standards in the development of the lithium ion battery industry, solve the problems between a monolithic standard system model and the actual needs of the industry, and promote the development of standards across the entire industrial chain and full life cycle, our institute supported the competent industrial department in formulating the Comprehensive Standardization Technical System for Lithium Ion Batteries. This system was officially published in November 2016. It includes five major categories and 18 subcategories, covering 231 related standards. The five major categories are basic and general, materials and components, design and manufacturing process, manufacturing and testing equipment, and battery products. The publication of the standard system brought lithium ion battery standardization work into a unified top-level plan and systematically solved the previous situation in which different standard management departments and technical committees acted independently. According to the plan of the standard system, 181 new lithium ion battery standards needed to be developed, including 43 national standards and 138 industry standards. Among the newly developed standards, nearly 80 national and industry standards are planned to be led by our institute.
Table 6 presents the framework of the comprehensive standardization technical system for lithium ion batteries.
| Major Category | Subcategories | Examples of Coverage |
|---|---|---|
| Basic and General | Terminology, symbols, classification, general requirements | Common language and principles for lithium ion battery standards |
| Materials and Components | Positive electrode materials, negative electrode materials, separators, electrolytes, current collectors, housings | Material properties, purity, safety, and compatibility |
| Design and Manufacturing Process | Cell design, module design, pack design, process control | Design safety, manufacturability, quality control |
| Manufacturing and Testing Equipment | Production equipment, testing equipment, measurement methods | Equipment performance, calibration, and testing accuracy |
| Battery Products | Consumer batteries, power batteries, energy storage batteries, battery packs | Safety, performance, reliability, and application-specific requirements |
In recent years, the lithium ion battery industry has developed rapidly. With the continuous emergence of new products, new technologies, and new applications, international and domestic standardization states are constantly updated, and domestic enterprises have put forward many new requirements. To strengthen top-level design and overall planning for lithium ion battery standardization, accelerate the development and implementation of key lithium ion battery product standards, and improve the development and revision of standards across the entire industrial chain, it is necessary to regularly update, improve, and optimize the comprehensive standardization technical system for lithium ion batteries in accordance with industry development needs. From 2021 to 2022, entrusted by the competent industrial department, our institute organized relevant industry enterprises to revise the existing standard system. After multiple rounds of soliciting opinions and meeting discussions, the revised standard system document, the 2022 version, has been submitted to the competent industrial department and is expected to be published within the year.
The revised system is expected to reflect new priorities such as safety for energy storage, recycling and second-life use, carbon footprint, and supply chain traceability. The relationship between standards and safety can be expressed through a simple risk reduction model. If a standard reduces the probability of a hazardous event by a factor \(r_i\), then the combined safety improvement from multiple standards can be represented as follows.
$$P_{hazard, after} = P_{hazard, before} \prod_{i=1}^{n} (1 – r_i)$$
This formula illustrates why a single standard is rarely sufficient. Multiple standards covering design, manufacturing, testing, installation, and operation jointly reduce risk. For the lithium ion battery, this multi-layer approach is essential because thermal runaway can be triggered by electrical abuse, thermal abuse, mechanical abuse, or internal defects.
Testing services are the foundation for standards implementation. Our institute began lithium ion battery testing in 2008 and has developed relatively complete testing capabilities. The product scope covers consumer-type lithium ion batteries, including batteries for mobile phones and notebook computers, power-type lithium ion batteries, including batteries for electric vehicles and electric bicycles, and energy storage-type lithium ion batteries, including batteries for backup power and wind power grid connection. We can test cells, modules, battery packs, and key raw materials for performance, safety, and consistency. In terms of testing equipment, our institute has more than 300 sets of related testing equipment. The test voltage of battery products can range from a few millivolts to 750 V, the current range can range from a few microamperes to 900 A, and there are nearly 3,000 test channels. These capabilities allow us to provide testing services for different types of lithium ion battery products.
At the same time, to better provide localized services and testing services for related enterprises, our institute has established branch offices in Shenzhen and Guangzhou, relying on the headquarters in Beijing. The Shenzhen branch mainly provides market services, while the Guangzhou branch has a battery testing laboratory. In terms of testing capability, our institute now has 56 lithium ion battery standard testing capabilities accredited by CMA and CNAS. The testing scope includes batteries used in mobile phones, mobile power supplies, notebook computers, electric bicycles, electric vehicles, miners’ lamps, and batteries used in emerging fields such as unmanned aerial vehicles, balance vehicles, electric tools, and household appliances. The testing standards cover domestic standards such as GB, SJ, YD, QB, QC, and MT, as well as international standards related to the battery field such as IEC, UN, JIS, and UL. Relying on the complete lithium ion battery testing foundation, our institute has also been approved to prepare a national green battery product quality inspection and testing center, a national standard verification and inspection pilot point for batteries in the first batch, and a key laboratory of the competent industrial department for green battery evaluation and analysis. Over the years, we have served more than 300 battery and terminal equipment related enterprises and tested more than 2,000 batches of lithium battery related products annually.
Table 7 summarizes the testing service capabilities for the lithium ion battery.
| Capability Area | Details |
|---|---|
| Testing start year | 2008 |
| Product types | Consumer, power, and energy storage lithium ion batteries |
| Test objects | Cells, modules, battery packs, key raw materials |
| Test attributes | Performance, safety, consistency |
| Testing equipment | More than 300 sets |
| Voltage range | Millivolt level to 750 V |
| Current range | Microampere level to 900 A |
| Test channels | Nearly 3,000 |
| CMA and CNAS accredited standards | 56 lithium ion battery standards |
| Annual tested batches | More than 2,000 batches |
| Served enterprises | More than 300 battery and terminal equipment enterprises |
In my assessment, the combination of standards, industry management, and testing services creates a virtuous cycle. Standards define requirements. Industry management uses standards as market access conditions. Testing services verify compliance. Market feedback then identifies gaps, which feeds back into standard revision. This cycle is particularly important for the lithium ion battery because the technology is still evolving rapidly. New chemistries, such as high-nickel cathodes, silicon-based anodes, solid-state electrolytes, and sodium-ion alternatives, will require new test methods and new safety criteria. The lithium ion battery will remain a moving target for standardization.
Several technical challenges deserve attention. First, thermal runaway propagation in large lithium ion battery systems must be controlled. The propagation time and temperature can be modeled as follows.
$$\frac{dT}{dt} = \frac{Q_{gen} – Q_{diss}}{m c_p}$$
Second, the state of health of a lithium ion battery must be estimated accurately for second-life applications. A common definition is the ratio of current capacity to initial capacity.
$$SOH = \frac{C_{current}}{C_{initial}} \times 100\%$$
Third, the carbon footprint of a lithium ion battery must be quantified across the life cycle. A simplified life-cycle carbon footprint formula is shown below.
$$CF_{total} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} E_i \cdot EF_i$$
In this formula, \(E_i\) is the energy or material consumption in stage \(i\), and \(EF_i\) is the corresponding emission factor. Standardization of carbon footprint requires consistent system boundaries, data quality rules, and allocation methods.
Fourth, recycling and resource recovery are becoming central. The recovery efficiency of valuable metals can be expressed as follows.
$$R_{metal} = \frac{m_{recovered}}{m_{input}} \times 100\%$$
These formulas are not merely academic. They represent the technical basis for standards that will govern the next generation of lithium ion battery products.
From an international perspective, the lithium ion battery standardization landscape is increasingly interconnected. IEC/SC21A continues to play a central role, but other organizations and regional bodies also develop requirements. UN transport regulations, UL standards, JIS standards, and national certification schemes all influence market access. For Chinese enterprises, participation in international standardization is no longer optional. It is a strategic necessity. Our institute will continue to organize experts, submit proposals, and host international meetings to ensure that the voice of the domestic lithium ion battery industry is heard.
In terms of industry management, the normative conditions have helped identify compliant enterprises and improve overall quality. However, the rapid growth of the lithium ion battery industry also creates new challenges. Capacity expansion, price competition, and supply chain volatility can pressure manufacturers to reduce costs in ways that may affect safety. Standards and supervision must therefore remain rigorous. The mandatory standards for portable electronics and stationary electronic equipment are important, and the forthcoming mandatory standard for energy storage will fill a critical gap. I believe that mandatory standards should be complemented by voluntary standards that encourage higher performance and innovation.
The standard system for the lithium ion battery should also become more dynamic. A static list of standards cannot keep up with technology. I recommend a periodic review cycle, perhaps every three to five years, with faster updates for safety-critical standards. The review should consider accident data, field failures, new test methods, and international developments. Table 8 proposes a dynamic review framework.
| Review Element | Recommended Frequency | Data Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Safety-critical standards | Every 2 to 3 years | Accident reports, recall data, test results |
| Performance standards | Every 3 to 5 years | Market data, technology trends, user requirements |
| Material and component standards | Every 3 to 5 years | Supplier data, material innovation, compatibility studies |
| Recycling and carbon footprint standards | Every 3 years | Life-cycle assessment, policy updates, international rules |
| Testing equipment standards | Every 4 to 5 years | Equipment calibration, measurement science, interlaboratory comparisons |
Testing services must also evolve. The current capabilities cover a wide range of lithium ion battery products, but future tests will need to address extreme fast charging, high-voltage systems, immersion, fire propagation, and aging under combined stress. The number of test channels and the range of voltage and current will need to expand. The following formula shows how test coverage can be evaluated as a ratio of covered failure modes to identified failure modes.
$$C_{coverage} = \frac{N_{covered}}{N_{identified}} \times 100\%$$
Increasing this coverage requires investment in equipment, personnel, and methods. It also requires close cooperation between standards developers, testing laboratories, and industry.
In conclusion, the lithium ion battery industry has grown from a niche portable power source to a strategic pillar of the green and low-carbon economy. Standardization has played and will continue to play a decisive role in ensuring safety, interoperability, and market confidence. My work has shown that domestic and international standardization are deeply connected, that mandatory and voluntary standards must work together, that industry management depends on clear technical bases, and that testing services provide the evidence needed for supervision and improvement. The lithium ion battery is a remarkable technology, but its benefits can only be fully realized when standards keep pace with innovation. I will continue to support the development of a comprehensive, dynamic, and internationally aligned standard system for the lithium ion battery, so that the industry can develop safely, healthily, and sustainably.